Can native UK seeds survive - and thrive - in a changing climate?

As the UK races to restore its landscapes, one decision can shape the success of it all: where do we get the seed? 

And this is crucial because the right seed can mean the difference between a meadow that thrives in a warming climate and one that fails to establish. 

New research from our Millennium Seed Bank (MSB) reveals that, for several key grassland species, the most resilient, climate-ready material may already be here – stored, studied, and native to the UK. 

By studying native UK seeds already held in our collections, we are uncovering practical evidence that effective tools for ecological restoration might be found close to home, without relying on material brought in from elsewhere in Europe. 

The results may shift the way conservationists think about seed sourcing for restoration – and reveal that the best option may be far nearer than expected.  

The Millennium Seed Bank is far more than a secure vault for the future. It is an active scientific resource that allows us to explore how plants respond to environmental pressures.

These collections give us the opportunity to test how different populations react to changes in temperature and to offer practical guidance to those carrying out restoration work today.  

Guidance for restoration: What the science found 

The research produced two open-access studies [1, 2]: 

• The first examined how seeds from different UK populations germinated under both current and future temperature scenarios. Most species were able to germinate across a broad temperature range, although yellow rattle emerged as more vulnerable to warming.
• The second evaluated the genetic risks and benefits of mixing seed from different populations. For some species, mixing appeared safe and beneficial, while for others it was better to maintain distinct population groups to preserve local genetic identity separately. 

“Together, these insights show that climate informed restoration can be achieved with UK seed, as long as the differences between regional populations are understood.” 

There is no single rule that fits all species, but there is now evidence to help practitioners choose the most suitable seed for each project.

Implications for practice and policy 

These findings offer both reassurance and caution. Reassurance that, for some species, UK populations include enough variation for germination to continue under future climate conditions. Yet they also highlight the need to consider genetic and ecological detail rather than relying on broad assumptions.  

It is important to note that these results relate to the germination stage alone. We do not yet know how these populations perform once seedlings begin to grow.

Ongoing research will follow these plants further through their life cycle to provide a complete foundation for restoration planning. If you would like future updates about this work, you can sign up to our Science Newsletter.

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The research also reinforces the importance of grasslands, ecosystems rich in biodiversity yet often receiving less policy attention than woodlands or peatlands. 

Final thoughts 

In a world shaped by shifting seasons, restoration requires more than simply planting back what once grew. It calls for informed choices grounded in science.

Our work at Kew shows that when native seed is studied with care and applied insight, it can support landscapes that are both resilient and full of life.